Flight Vol. 3

© Michel Gagné

The graphic anthology “Flight” will shortly be releasing it’s third annual volume into book stores through Ballantine Books. Each issue has offered a wonderful assortment of top illustrators presenting beautifully crafted stories. This new 352 page volume will be no exception.

You can read an interview with the editor, Kazu Kibuishi, HERE and view samples of each story HERE.

The featured page (above) is from "Underworld" by artist and animator Michel Gagné. You can see more of Michel’s work HERE and sample some of his innovative animations HERE

Ice Age Mammals

From The Montreal Gazette:

The Montreal Science Centre presents “Ice Age Mammals”, an inspiring exploration of all things ice age, filled with fossils, mega fauna and lots of fun. The exhibition comes courtesy, in part, of the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa.

But to mention the Canadian Museum of Nature, one must pay credit to Richard "Dick" Harington, a McGill University alumnus, an Order of Canada recipient and a paleontologist who has devoted his life to studying ice age animals.

"Part of the motivation for the exhibit was to feature the career of Dick Harington," Natalia Rybczynski said. "When he started working at the museum, the ice age collections only had about 60 specimens. It's now over 40,000. So he has single-handedly transformed our understanding of ice age mammals."

Rybczynski, herself a paleomammalogist at the Canadian Museum of Nature and adviser to the exhibition, speaks quite highly of Harington with good reason: as a teenage high school student in Ottawa, Rybczynski was paired with Harington through a mentorship program. She has since completed her master's degree and doctorate in the field.

"I've had the extreme pleasure of working with him," she said. "He's been a mentor to me."

Ice Age Mammals opens Saturday and continues until March 2007. The Montreal Science Centre is at the King Edward Pier in the Old Port. For more information, call (514) 496-4724 or visit the website at www.montrealsciencecentre.com.

Bakker In Houston

If you’re in Houston take note that The Houston Museum of Natural Science is having a family Dino-Day (called “Dinopalooza”) May 13 from 12 – 5 p.m.

Bob Bakker will kick off the day with a special interactive children’s event, The Secret Lives of Dinosaurs, from 9:30 – 10:30 a.m. in the Burke Baker Planetarium. Budding paleontologists can answer questions for a chance to win one of Bakker’s dino-drawings and get tips on how to draw their own dinosaurs

Bakker will also be signing copies of his new book, Dactyls: Dragons of the Air, illustrated by our old friend Luis Rey.

Sue in Singapore

DINOSAURS! A T. rex named SUE and Friends!
20 May to 20 August 2006

Marcus Ng at Budak.blogs.com lets us know that ‘Sue’ the T. rex will be in Singapore this summer:

The Faculty of Science (FoS), National University of Singapore (NUS), together with the Singapore Science Centre (SSC) will be presenting “DINOSAURS! A T. rex named SUE and Friends”.

Together with Sue, SSC’s detailed cast of another T. rex, named Stan, will be exhibited at the same time. Stan is the second most complete T. rex skeleton unearthed to-date. Another portion of the exhibition is “Dinosaur of Darkness” from Monash University. This is an extensive exhibition of “polar” dinosaurs from four continents (Australia, Antarctica, South America and North America) as well as fossil plants and microfossils

The Digital Evolution Slide Rule

John Kyrk has developed a great Evolution Slider that takes you from the origin of the universe to the present day and tracks a variety of parameters. I’m behind the curve on posting this but I can’t find out much about it on the web.

My head’s up came from Neatorama.com.

Hominid Evolution Explained

News@Nature.com has an article about the recent Australopithecus anamensis n. sp. find in Ethiopia including this nifty chart outlining the current thinking on hominid evolution. It also discusses the possibility that the new material supports an anagenetic (phyletic) rather than cladogenetic mode of evolution for these hominids.

“The latest Afar discovery is exciting experts because it shows that the three hominids existing in the same area, but in successive time periods. Tim White of the University of California, Berkeley, co-leader of the Awash team, believes this points to a direct lineage between the three — a process called phyletic evolution.”

Read the full article HERE.

Canada's Fossil Record

Kyl Chhatwal of the Waterloo Record has an article on the recent find of Tiktaalik roseae in Nunavat and the abundance of fossils in Canada.


Photo of Neil Shubin and Tikaalik from the Canadian Press.

Conquering the Darkness: The Art of Charles Knight

“Conquering the Darkness,” an exhibit on the work of the famous artist, Charles Knight, is closing soon at the Museum of the Earth in Ithica, New York.

From the Ithican Online:

From the 1890s until his death in 1953, Knight filled the public imagination with larger-than-life monsters at a time when paleontologists knew dinosaurs as more than just giant lizards, but not yet as the lively relatives of modern birds.

The exhibit has showcased rarely seen sculptures, preliminary paintings and group images since October. These include many from the collection of Knight’s granddaughter, Rhoda Kalt.

Supplementing the exhibit are sculptures from the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, including dinosaurs and giant mammals.

“There’s work from a fairly broad spectrum of his career, ranging probably from the early middle part of his career right up to near his death,” said Robert Ross, the PRI's Head of Education. Ross’s favorite, though, is a model (left) on which Knight based his famous Dryptosaurus painting (above).

“He was legally blind for most of his life, and yet he painted these huge murals,” Baines said. “Holding [the murals] in his mind to that extent, to be able to envision those while working so intricately six inches from his paintings, created a kind of mental duality in him that comes through in his work sometimes.”

The exhibit runs until Sunday at the Museum of the Earth, 1259 Trumansburg Road. Call the museum for daily hours, 273 -6623.

Lamprey-Like Gills In Endeiolepis

Lamprey-like gills in a gnathostome-related Devonian jawless vertebrate. 2006. P. Janvier et al. Nature 440: 1183-1185.


Image from HERE.

Abstract: So far, the Palaeozoic fossil jawless vertebrates have not provided any direct evidence for the organization of the gills, apart from vague impressions—supposedly left by gill filaments—on the bony surface of the gill chamber in certain armoured forms or 'ostracoderms' (for example, osteostracans and heterostracans). The latter are currently regarded as more closely related to the living jawed vertebrates (crown gnathostomes) than to the living jawless vertebrates (hagfish and lampreys, or cyclostomes). Here we report the first direct evidence for the position of the gill filaments (left) — possibly supported by gill rays—enclosed by gill pouches in a 370-million year (Myr)-old jawless vertebrate, Endeiolepis, from the Late Devonian fossil fish site of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada.

This extinct jawless fish has much the same gill organization as living lampreys, although it possesses an unusually large number of gill pouches—a condition unlike that in any extant vertebrates and that raises questions about gill development. Endeiolepis is currently regarded as a close relative of anaspids, a group of 410–430-Myr-old 'ostracoderms'. Assuming that current vertebrate phylogeny is correct, this discovery demonstrates that pouches enclosing the gills are primitive for vertebrates, but have been subsequently lost in jawed vertebrates.

More info from CBC.ca HERE.

Today In History: Wallace and Bates Set Sail

From Today In Science History:

In 1848, Welsh botanist Alfred Russell Wallace and Henry Walter Bates sailed from Liverpool for the Amazon. Their expeditions yielded insights into natural history and evolution for the both of them. Bates spent 11 years in Amazonia amassing large collections of insects that were sent back to museums and collectors in Europe. Wallace left earlier and collected in the Malay Archipelago.

Wallace independently reached the same conclusions as Darwin regarding natural selection and wrote a paper read to the Linnaen Society on 1st July 1858. Bates was quick to embrace Darwin's and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. Bates' own theory, Batesian mimicry, provided evidence for evolution by natural selection.

Image of Wallace from HERE.

Thryohyrax: Bananarama-Jaws

Hyrax from HERE

Paleontologists at the Duke Lemur Center have assembled a new picture of a 35-million-year-old fossil mammal, Thyrohyrax, a prehistoric hyrax -- and they even have added a hint of sound.

From the Duke University press release:

By painstakingly measuring hundreds of specimens fossils of Thyrohyrax, recovered from the famous fossil beds of Egypt's Fayum Province, the researchers determined that males of this now-extinct species -- and only males -- had oversized, swollen lower jaws shaped much like a banana. Further, the team speculated, the animals may have used the balloon-like structural chamber that shaped their bizarre jaws to produce sound.

If this speculation is correct, Thryohyrax and its fossil relatives would be the only mammals found so far to use such a skeletal structure for producing sound, the researchers said. They added that some dinosaurs are thought to have used similar sound-producing mechanisms.

According to Simons, today's hyraxes are relics of a time when Africa lacked most of the kinds of animals found there today. Current scientific thought holds that most modern mammal groups diversified and became larger only after a giant asteroid killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

The researchers published their findings in the March issue of the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, which was released in mid-April.

World's Deepest Dinosaur

Image from HERE & © Luis Rey.

From the Research Council of Norway via Biology News.net:

While most nations excavate their skeletons using a toothbrush, the Norwegians found one using a drill. The somewhat rough uncovering of Norway's first dinosaur happened in the North Sea, at an entire 2256 metres below the seabed. It had been there for nearly 200 million years, ever since the time the North Sea wasn't a sea at all, but an enormous alluvial plane.

It is merely a coincidence that the remains of the old dinosaur now see the light of day again, or more precisely, parts of the dinosaur. The fossil is in fact just a crushed knucklebone in a drilling core – a long cylinder of rock drilled out from an exploration well at the Snorre offshore field.

Norway's first dinosaur fossil is a Plateosaurus, a species that could be up to nine metres long and weigh up to four tons. It lived in Europe and on Greenland 210 to 195 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic Period.

The Plateosaurus at the Snorre offshore field had a hollow grave. The fossil, which was found 2256 metres below the seabed, represents the world's deepest dinosaur finding. But it is by no means certain that the record-breaking knucklebone is a rarity down there in the abyss.

In fact, the old North Sea land was once a huge area where big rivers meandered through dry plains. Now the landscape has been compressed to form a pattern of fossil alluvial sand between banks of red shale.

The work was lead by the palaeoblogger’s friend Dr. Jørn Hurum.

Visit Luis Rey’s site HERE.

Thanks to Chad of the Digital Dream Machine Blog for pointing this out to me.

Tarzan's Sunday Funnies

Tarzan © Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. Click on each image to enlarge.

Before Hal Foster created “Prince Valiant” he worked on Tarzan for United Feature Syndicate. This is a famous (in some circles) sequence from 1932 with Tarzan facing off against some dinosaurs.

Miss Anne Elk Explains The Brontosaurus

Born This Day: Willi Hennig

April 20, 1913 – Nov. 5, 1976

From the Willi Hennig Society :

Hennig is best known for developing phylogenetic systematics, a coherent theory of the investigation and presentation of the relations that exist among species. Contrary to the position generally held during his time, Hennig viewed historical inference as a strictly logical and scientific endeavor. He first summarized his ideas in 1950 in German which became more widely known with the publication of the English revision, Phylogenetic Systematics (Hennig, 1966).


Image from HERE.

Major Hennigian principles are:

1. Relationships among species are to be interpreted strictly genealogically, as sister-lineages, as clade relations. Empirically, a phylogenetic hypothesis may be determined.

2. Synapomorphies provide the only evidence for identifying relative recency of common ancestry. Synapomorphies are understood to be the shared-derived (evolved, modified) features of organisms.

3. Maximum conformity to evidence is sought (his auxiliary principle). Choice among competing cladistic propositions (cladograms) is decided on the basis of the greatest amount of evidence, the largest number of synapomorphies explainable as homologues.

4. Whenever possible, taxonomy must be logically consistent with the inferred pattern of historical relationships. The rule of monophyly is to be followed, thereby each clade can have its unique place in the hierarchy of taxonomic names.

More info about Henning HERE. Photo from HERE.

Najash rionegrina: A Snake With Legs

A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum. 2006. S. Apesteguía and H. Zaher. Nature 440: 1037-1040.


Photo of the hip region of Najash in dorsal view. Credit: Hussam Zaher

Abstract: It has commonly been thought that snakes underwent progressive loss of their limbs by gradual diminution of their use. However, recent developmental and palaeontological discoveries suggest a more complex scenario of limb reduction, still poorly documented in the fossil record. Here we report a fossil snake with a sacrum supporting a pelvic girdle and robust, functional legs outside the ribcage.

The new fossil, from the Upper Cretaceous period of Patagonia, fills an important gap in the evolutionary progression towards limblessness because other known fossil snakes with developed hindlimbs, the marine Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis, lack a sacral region.

Phylogenetic analysis shows that the new fossil is the most primitive (basal) snake known and that all other limbed fossil snakes are closer to the more advanced macrostomatan snakes, a group including boas, pythons and colubroids. The new fossil retains several features associated with a subterranean or surface dwelling life that are also present in primitive extant snake lineages, supporting the hypothesis of a terrestrial rather than marine origin of snakes.

From Bjorn Carey at LiveScience.com:

The newly discovered species, Najash rionegrina, lived around 90 million years ago in Patagonia, Argentina.

Scientists unearthed Najash from continental sediments, suggesting it led a life on land. It also shares vertebral and skull characteristics common among modern terrestrial snakes and necessary for life on land.

"The new species is definitely a snake that corroborates the terrestrial origin of snakes and rejects the hypothesis that relates snakes to extinct marine lizards, called mosasaurs," study coauthor Hussam Zaher of the Meseu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil told LiveScience.

"Morphologically, the legs are absolutely functional," Zaher said. "Although, we cannot really say for sure how these snakes used these legs."

An unrelated WEIRD SNAKE STORY from NationalGeographic.com can be found HERE (not for the squeamish).

"SNAKES ON A MANE" HERE.

From A Radio Engine To The Photon Wing

Repeated morphological evolution through cis-regulatory changes in a pleiotropic gene. 2006. B. Prud'homme et al. Nature 440: 1050-1053.


Image from HERE

From the press release:

A team of scientists have revealed the discovery of the molecular mechanisms that allow animals to switch genes on or off to gain or lose anatomical characteristics.

"Evolution can and does repeat itself," says Sean B. Carroll, of the report that describes how males of different fruit fly species have independently gained -- and repeatedly lost -- the wing spots that make them appealing to females.

"These spots have appeared and disappeared independently in different species at different times over the course of evolutionary history, and have been junked at least five times in one particular group," says Benjamin Prud'homme. "We have shown that each of these transitions corresponds with changes in how a certain gene is used."

The new study reveals how evolution occurs at the finest level of detail and explains the molecular mechanisms at work when animals lose or gain features.

In the case of fruit flies, the changes in the regulatory elements -- the switches that govern gene activity -- are driven by the preferences of females.

"Female preference is a strong force in the evolution of anatomy," explains Prud´homme. "This phenomenon -- sexual selection -- is all over the animal kingdom. It was one of Darwin's great ideas."

The silhouette on the LP has always reminded me of the molecularly scrambled Al (David) Hedison from the 1958 film, The Fly.

Died This Day: Charles Darwin

Feb. 12, 1809 – April 19, 1882


Image from HERE

More about Darwin HERE.

Treasure Chest Dinos

Treasure Chest and art © the current copyright holders

Steve Bissette noted that the Four Realities website had picked up on a story run by Mark Evanier about a large on-line collection of Treasure Chest comics.

Steve B. talked about “Treasure Chest” in this "Paleo-Path" installment of the Palaeoblog.

Mapusaurus: The Newest Big Theropod

Photo of cast of Mapusaurus by Rodolfo Coria

From James Owen at National Geographic News:

The new species, named Mapusaurus roseae, is possibly even larger than its close relative Giganotosaurus, which in 1995 took T. rex's crown as the world's biggest known carnivorous dinosaur. While more than matching T. rex for size, Mapusaurus appears to have been a sleeker, more agile predator, with teeth designed for slicing flesh rather than crushing bones.

At least seven of the animals were uncovered together in a mass fossil graveyard in western Patagonia, a region famous for giant-dinosaur remains. Living some 100 million years ago, the largest specimen was more than 12.5 meters long. The find is also one of the first to suggest giant meat-eating dinosaurs lived in groups. "The burial is formed 100 percent by Mapusaurus bones," he added. "The chances they had been deposited randomly are extremely low."

Coria and Currie say Mapusaurus might have hunted the greatest dinosaur of all: a 102-metric-ton, 38-meter-long plant-eater named Argentinosaurus.

Rodolfo Coria, professor at the Carmen Funes Museum in Plaza Huincul, Argentina, found the fossils in the foothills of the Andes mountains.

Coria and fellow paleontologist Philip Currie of the University of Alberta in Canada describe the find in the latest issue of the journal Geodiversitas.

Godzilla Loves Rice!

Art © Tom Bagley

Tom Bagley’s Godzilla drawing can be found in the new book, “Starting Out: The Essential Guide To Cooking On Your Own”, by author Julie Van Rosendaal and illustrated by Tom, out now from Whitecap Books.

It’s the perfect cooking survival guide for palaeo-grad students, beginner chefs and young adults. Designed to help new chefs find independence, this handy book is filled with indispensable tips and information on basic cooking techniques, stocking cupboards and pantries, and fixing cooking disasters.

However, if you’re looking for a recipe that contains more “eye of newt” you should click on over to Tom's website or check out the blog he’s 1/7th of.

And now that Easter is over we can all get back to celebrating the most important holiday of the year -- HALLOWEEN! (what's a few days, give or take?) So, for all those budding young palae-anatomists out there here's some recommended reading:


© Kipling West

Written & illustrated by the wickedly talented Kipling West. You should go to her website now!

Dinos On Radio Netherlands

Photo of Chasmosaurus irvinensis © M. Ryan. I snapped this earlier today in front of the Canadian Museum of Nature.

Radio Netherlands recently did a piece on “Palaeontology of the Third Millennium”.

Palaeontology has come a long way since the ancient Greeks discovered the fossilised skeletons of huge beasts and interpreted them in a way they could understand.

These new methods weren't invented by the palaeontologists themselves. Usually, they are 'borrowed' from other sciences. Chemistry is an important tool, as is molecular biology or anatomy; even virtual reality might help. No longer are fossilized bones stored carefully in glass cases, never to be touched again. Instead, they are cut in slices, ground into powder, dissolved in acids, analysed in mass spectrometers, and scrutinized at the molecular level under an electron microscope.

You can listen to the broadcast HERE.

Died This Day: Comte Georges-Louis Buffon

Sept. 7, 1707 – April 16, 1788

From Today In Science History:

Buffon was a French naturalist, who formulated a crude theory of evolution and was the first to suggest that the earth might be older than suggested by the Bible. In 1739 he was appointed keeper of the Jardin du Roi, a post he occupied until his death. There he worked on a comprehensive work on natural history, for which he is remembered, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. He began this work in 1749, and it dominated the rest of his life. It would eventually run to 44 volumes, including quadrupeds, birds, reptiles and minerals. He proposed (1778) that the Earth was hot at its creation and, from the rate of cooling, calculated its age to be 75,000 years, with life emerging some 40,000 years ago.

More info on Buffon from UC-Berkeley.
Stamp from HERE.

How Not To Become A Fossil

Assessing the fidelity of the fossil record by using marine bivalves. 2006. J. W. Valentine et al. PNAS early publication, April 14, 2006

The best way to avoid becoming a fossil is to be small and live in deep, tropical waters.

"Everyone talks about how imperfect the fossil record is, but not many people do anything about it," said co-author Dr. David Jablonski. "We're not doing this for the sake of knowing more about clams, but for knowing more about how to answer biological questions in the fossil record more rigorously."

The co-authors focused on bivalves (clams, scallops, oysters, cockles and their kin), because they serve paleontologists the way geneticists use mice or fruit flies as model systems. Jablonski called the clam "a real bellweather" for understanding many long-term changes in biodiversity.

Perhaps fittingly, parasitic clams fared the worst. "They live inside the burrow of another animal, like a shrimp, or they live parasitically upon the soft tissues of another organism. These guys have a lousy fossil record," Kidwell said. "If you're living inside the tissues, or directly attached to the tissues of another organism and it dies, then you're attached to a corpse of decaying organic matter, which is not favorable to shell preservation."



Surprisingly, they found that burrowing clams living within sediments were no more likely to become fossils than similarly sized varieties that lived out in the open. The team also found that shell composition played virtually no role in distorting the bivalve fossil record. That study showed, contrary to longstanding expectations, that clams with durable shells were not better represented in the fossil record than those more prone to dissolving.

Catfishing

A catfish that can strike its prey on land. 2006. Sam Van Wassenbergh et al. Nature 440: 881.


A close-up of two eel catfish heads from HERE. © S. Devaere

From BBC.com:

The eel catfish, Channallabes apus, is able to propel itself out of the water and bend its head downwards to capture insects in its jaws. The 30-40cm fish is found in the muddy swamps of the tropics of western Africa.

The Belgian researchers hope this discovery will help to explain how fish moved from sea to land millions of years ago.

The fish captures its prey by propelling itself onto the shore, raising the front part of its body and bending its head downwards over the insect. Usually, the fish uses suction to feed underwater; but because air is much less dense than water, the fish needs to employ a new strategy to catch its food.

"The way it positions its head prevents the prey from being pushed away," said Mr Van Wassenbergh. "This way it can place its jaws over the prey; and when it is strongly between the jaws, the fish will return to the water where it can further ingest the insect."

C. apus has a specially adapted spine which gives it extra flexibility, allowing it to tilt its head. The fish uses the rest of its long body to maintain stability while it is out of the water.

Watch the video HERE.

Evolution vs. Creationism In The Classroom At GSA-NC In Akron

Image from HERE

The Department of Geology and Environmental Science at the University of Akron will host the North-Central Regional Earth Science Conference of the Geological Society of America next Thursday and Friday, 20-21 April, with pre-and post-conference field trips, and workshops on Saturday, April 22. Highlights include talks on global climate change, evolution vs. creationism in the classroom, water resources management, and the only Civil War battle fought in Ohio.

Approximately 400 geoscientists from around the country are expected to attend the 40th annual meeting of the North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America. The meeting takes place at the University of Akron Student Center, Akron, OH.

MEETING HIGHLIGHTS INCLUDE:

"Countering Creationism in the Classroom"
Friday, 21 April,1:00-5:00 p.m., University of Akron Theater
Thirteen 20-minute presentations will cover topics ranging from "young earth" and intelligent design to culturally-based nonscientific attitudes and biases and the challenges of advancing scientific literacy. Convener, Dr. Lisa Park at the University of Akron.

View abstracts of the talks at HERE.

Teaching Evolution in the K-12 Classroom.
Sponsored by Central Section, National Association of Geoscience Teachers. Sat., 22 Apr., 9 a.m.-4 p.m.

Classroom techniques for teaching the basic concepts of evolution and the diversity of life throughout the K-12 curriculum. Fee: US$5, includes resource packet and continental breakfast. For more information please contact Pam Keiper (pkeiper@cmnh.org) at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History for more information.

And, the themed session, Recent Advances in Systematics, Evolution, and Paleobiology of Fossil Vertebrates, run by Darin Croft, Case Western Reserve University and the palaeoblogger. This session will highlight current research in vertebrate paleontology, with an emphasis on evolution, systematics, and paleobiology of dinosaurs and Cenozoic mammals.

For further information regarding on field trips, please contact the field trip czar, Joe Hannibal, 216-231-4600 ext. 3233, hannibal@cmnh.org.

Aggressive Bluebirds Affect Their Evolution

Aggressive behaviour affects selection on morphology by influencing settlement patterns in a passerine bird. 2006. Renée A. Duckworth. Proceedings of the Royal Academy B. Early on-line publication.

In findings that may offer insight into how evolution operates, a Duke University evolutionary ecologist reported evidence that aggressive male western bluebirds out-compete less aggressive males for preferred breeding territories.

From the Duke University press release:

Duckworth found that more-aggressive and milder mannered birds also tended to breed in different settings that favor different body types. This study suggests the birds may play more active roles in their own natural selection than traditional models of evolution would support.

"The traditional view of evolution is that organisms are passive creatures on which natural selection operates," said Duckworth. "[but] by selecting the environment in which they live, animals can actively affect the natural selection they experience," Duckworth said.

“The main message of this study is that the ability of organisms to choose their environment needs to be made a more explicit part of evolutionary theory."

Read the rest of the article HERE.
Western Bluebird from HERE

Oldest Australopithecus Found In Ethiopia

Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus. 2006. Tim D. White et al., Nature 440: 883-889.


Image from HERE

Abstract: The origin of Australopithecus, the genus widely interpreted as ancestral to Homo, is a central problem in human evolutionary studies. Australopithecus species differ markedly from extant African apes and candidate ancestral hominids such as Ardipithecus, Orrorin and Sahelanthropus. The earliest described Australopithecus species is Au. anamensis, the probable chronospecies ancestor of Au. afarensis. Here we describe newly discovered fossils from the Middle Awash study area that extend the known Au. anamensis range into northeastern Ethiopia. The new fossils are from chronometrically controlled stratigraphic sequences and date to about 4.1–4.2 million years ago. They include diagnostic craniodental remains, the largest hominid canine yet recovered, and the earliest Australopithecus femur. These new fossils are sampled from a woodland context. Temporal and anatomical intermediacy between Ar. ramidus and Au. afarensis suggest a relatively rapid shift from Ardipithecus to Australopithecus in this region of Africa, involving either replacement or accelerated phyletic evolution.

From the UC – Berkeley press release:

New fossils discovered in the Afar desert of eastern Ethiopia are a missing link between our ape-man ancestors some 3.5 million years ago and more primitive hominids a million years older.

The fossils are from the most primitive species of Australopithecus, known as Au. anamensis, and date from about 4.1 million years ago, said Tim White, one of the team's leaders. The hominid Australopithecus has often been called an ape-man because, though short-statured, small-brained and big-toothed, it walked on two legs unlike the great apes.

More primitive hominids in the genus Ardipithecus date from between 4.4 million and 7 million years ago and were much more ape-like, though they, too, walked on two legs.

"This new discovery closes the gap between the fully blown Australopithecines and earlier forms we call Ardipithecus," White said. "We now know where Australopithecus came from before 4 million years ago."

"It is fair to say that some species of Ardipithecus gave rise to Australopithecus," he said.

In all, teeth and jawbones of eight individuals were found at Asa Issie, all from about 4.1 million years ago as dated by paleomagnetic and argon-argon methods. A partial thigh bone and hand and foot bones were very similar to the Lucy bones found 60 kilometers away in Hadar and dating from 3 million to 3.4 million years ago. The large, thick-enameled teeth were judged by the research team to be closest to Au. anamensis, and ancestral to Au. afarensis.

Congradulations to the CMNH's Dr. Yohannes Haile-Selassie who is a co-author on the paper.

Read the rest of the article HERE.

Died This Day: Edward Drinker Cope

July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897


Art © Mark Schultz

From NiagaraMuseum.com:

"What truly assured Cope's (above right) place in the history of paleontology and even eclipsed his science was his bitter feud with Yale University paleontologist O.C. Marsh (above left). What began as a friendly rivalry in the late 1860s, broke out into all out war in 1872 and then raged on until Cope's death in 1897. Both Cope and Marsh were recipients of family fortunes and they used their wealth to discover new fossils and to reconstruct ancient life. This scramble literally propelled American science into the forefront of paleontology."

Read about Cope HERE.

New Biggest T. rex Skull

Photo by John Little. © Montana State University 2005

From the Montana State University press release:

The world's largest Tyrannosaurus rex skull, unearthed nearly 40 years ago in eastern Montana, is now on display at the Museum of the Rockies at Montana State University in Bozeman.

The skull measures measures 59 inches long from its snout to the back of its skull. By the same standard, the Field's Sue is a close runner-up at 55.4 inches long according to Jack Horner, the Museum's curator of paleontology.

Skull fragments from the specimen, known as MOR 008, were found in the Hell Creek Formation near Billings in the late 1960s and collected by Bill McMannis, an MSU geologist. Museum preparator Carrie Ancell began their reconstruction in the late 1980s, and preparator Michael Holland finished the job this year.

A single vertebra is the only other piece of MOR 008 that has been found besides the skull.

"We are going to try and figure out how old the animal was when it died by using histology, the study of the microscopic structure of fossil remains," Horner said. "The specimen contains several characteristics that suggest this individual was mature, and perhaps quite old when it died."

MOR 008 is one of three T-rex skulls in the Museum of the Rockies collection, all of which are on display in the Hall of Horns and Teeth. All of them were found in Montana. The Museum has part of twelve T-rexes, more than any other institution in the world.

Harryhausen Interview

Ray Harryhausen talked with Christopher Bahn of The A.V. Club about his life and his new book, The Art Of Ray Harryhausen, which looks back at his career from his high-school days building mammoths out of his mother's discarded fur coat to his latest work as a bronze sculptor.

Bahn also blogs at Incoming Signals which always features links to lots of great stories and arcane trivia.

I meant to post this a few weeks ago when it went up but it got lost in the shuffle. Thanks to good buddy Eric Snively for letting me know about this.

Crisis? What Crisis?

Global Warming and Extinctions of Endemic Species from Biodiversity Hotspots. 2006. J.R. Malcolm et al., Conservation Biology 20: 538

The Earth could see massive waves of species extinctions around the world if global warming continues unabated, according to a new study published in the scientific journal Conservation Biology.

Supertramp from HERE.

From the Conservation Biology press release:

The study expands on a much-debated 2004 paper published in the journal Nature that suggested a quarter of the world's species would be committed to extinction by 2050 as a result of global warming. The results reinforce the massive species extinction risks identified in the 2004 study.

Using vegetation models, the research is one of the first attempts to assess the potential effects of climate change on terrestrial biodiversity on a global scale rather than just looking at individual species. Scientists looked specifically at the effect that climate change would have on 25 of the 34 globally outstanding "biodiversity hotspots" – areas containing a large number of species unique to these regions alone, yet facing enormous threats.

"The hotspots studied in this paper are essentially refugee camps for many of our planet's most unique plant and animal species. If those areas are no longer habitable due to global warming then we will quite literally be destroying the last sanctuaries many of these species have left."


Image from HERE.

Areas particularly vulnerable to climate change include the tropical Andes, the Cape Floristic region of South Africa, Southwest Australia, and the Atlantic forests of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.

An Oscar Mayer Stegosaurus

It must have been a slow news day at the THE PUEBLO CHIEFTAIN but Scott Smith whipped up a story on Stegosaurus.

He even got some great quotes from Ken Carpenter.


Image from HERE.

The Stegosaurus also happens to be Colorado's official state fossil. So please take the time to learn a little more about one of the earliest inhabitants of our neighborhood . . .

But does that mean that the Stegosaurus was stupid? No one really knows for sure, but Ken Carpenter, dinosaur expert at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, put it this way:

"Smart is a relative term," he said. "Compared to a bacteria, (stegosaurs) were very smart; compared to a dog, they were kind of dumb; compared to sheep . . . well, close. Sheep are really stupid."

OK, so the Stegosaurus was never in danger of being class valedictorian. But Carpenter also noted that the animal's brain - often described as being the size of a walnut, pingpong ball or golf ball - was actually larger than first believed. "Definitely bigger than a walnut," he said.

"It looks like an Oscar Mayer wiener that's bent. It's very long."

Get your Wienermobile facts HERE

Read the rest of the article HERE.

Perils of Field Work

Photo © M. Ryan

The photo of Laonastes that I ran a few days ago reminded me of the above photo I took on July 17 of last year. After a few weeks of field work along the Milk River, David Evans, myself, and the rest of our crew packed up to leave. On that final morning Evans got up the nerve to look under the couch he'd been sleeping on for two weeks and found this. You can even see the cute little toes.

Piled Higher & Deeper

It's Sunday so let's read the funnies:


© 1997-2002 Jorge Cham. CLICK TO ENLARGE..

© 1997-2002 Jorge Cham. CLICK TO ENLARGE..

© 1997-2002 Jorge Cham. CLICK TO ENLARGE..

The comic strip "Piled Higher and Deeper" has appeared in The Stanford Daily for the past seven years, and in the MIT, Carnegie Mellon University and Caltech newspapers, among others. The author, Jorge Cham, got his PhD in Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University, and is now an "Instructor" at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

Thanks to ReBecca Hunt for pointing me to this site.

How Ants Evolved

Phylogeny of the Ants: Diversification in the Age of Angiosperms. 2006. Corrie S. Moreau, et al. Science Vol. 312.: 101 – 104.

From LiveScience.com:

The emergence of flowering plants 100 million years ago may have led to the explosion in ant diversity that occurred around the same time, scientists say.

The 11,800 known species of modern ants probably arose from a single species millions of years ago, but scientists previously knew little about ants' evolutionary history. Researchers analyzed fossilized ants trapped in amber and discovered that the ancestors of modern ants first scurried along the ground 140 to 168 million years ago.

These ants, however, were diversifying at a very slow rate. Then flowers, also known as angiosperms, sprouted onto the scene.

"An event happened 100 million years ago and ants started diversifying like crazy," study co-author Corrie Moreau of Harvard University told LiveScience. "This is also the time when we start seeing the first angiosperm forests."

These forests dropped more litter to the ground, creating more niches and complicated habitats for ants to specialize and diversify in. Today the greatest ant diversity is observed in plant debris and just under the soil. Forest canopies also provided interesting new homes for ants, including some that have learned to glide back to their home tree if the fall.

Other insects experienced a boom with the coming of flowers. These insects also lived among the debris, creating a massive new food source for ants. The flowering plants would make pretty good ant snacks themselves.
Strange Tales © Marvel Comices

Flintstone Chopper

Some Sunday morning fun. Über-rich Canadian toymaker and sometime comic book artist, Todd McFarlane, has a new line of figures due to hit the market soon based on various Hanna-Barbara cartoon characters. Dig the Styracosaurus handle bars on Fred Flintstone’s chopper.

For more pix go HERE.

The Truth About De-Evolution

"They tell us that we lost our tails
evolving up from little snails
I say that's all just wind in sails
Are we not men?"

Laonastes aenigmamus Not Rare?

From BBC.co.uk:

A rodent that "came back from the dead" after supposedly going extinct millions of years ago appears to be more common than previously thought.

Image: Peter Clyne

The Laotian rock rat, known locally as the kha-nyou, was identified as a species new to science in 2005. It was spotted at a hunter's market in Laos by researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).

A return visit has uncovered more specimens, suggesting the squirrel-like animal may not be that rare. On a recent visit to a hunter's market in Laos, WCS conservationist Peter Clyne found the rats to be quite common, photographing several specimens."

The creature was originally thought to belong to an entirely new rodent family more closely related to rodents in Africa and South America than in Asia. However, after a detailed search through the fossil records of the Natural History Museum in London, the mammal is now believed to be the sole survivor of an ancient group of rodents that died out 11 million years ago.